On 13 November 2023, the European Parliament and the Council of the EU found a provisional agreement on the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA), which aims to ensure the EU has access to raw materials needed to meet its target of moving to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
The Act has been officially adopted by the European Parliament on 12 December 2023 and approved by the Council of the EU on 18 March 2024. The CRMA was published in the Official Journal of the EU on 3 May 2024, and entered into force on 23 May 2024.
Why the need for a Critical Raw Materials Act?
The EU is highly dependent on non-EU countries, and especially China when it comes to mining and processing critical raw materials. EU’s dependence on the international market for raw materials threatens its strategic autonomy, proven by Chinese export restrictions on gallium and germanium, two essential metals in semiconductors. The Critical Raw Materials Act tries to reduce these dependencies by strengthening domestic supply chains while reinforcing international agreements with several non-EU countries.
The Critical Raw Materials Act contains targets for the mining, processing and recycling of critical raw materials (CRMs) within the EU, as well as targets for critical non-rare earth metals such as lithium, cobalt and manganese needed for electric vehicles (EVs) and wind turbines.
Together with the Net Zero Industry Act and the Reform of the electricity market design, they represent some of the flagship legislative initiatives of the Green Deal Industrial Plan which the Commission presented on 16 March 2023.
Out of the 34 critical raw materials identified in the legislation, a specific strategic raw materials (SRMs*) list (highlighted in yellow in the picture below) has been created for 17 materials expected to grow exponentially in terms of supply and have complex production requirements, which increases the risk of supply issues. This list will be reviewed regularly.
Source: Council of the EU, “Infographic – An EU critical raw materials act for the future of EU supply chains”, November 2023.
How will the objectives of the Critical Raw Materials Act be reached?
The Critical Raw Materials Act will set up a new agency, the European Critical Raw Materials Board, to ensure that by 2030 the EU can domestically produce at least 10% and process at least 40% of strategic materials needed each year. Furthermore, at least 25% of the EU’s annual use of critical raw materials should come from recycling these materials – which has been increased from the 15% proposed by the Commission – and no more than 65% of the annual consumption of each critical raw material should come from a single country outside of the EU, at any relevant stage of processing.
The Critical Raw Materials Act also seeks to improve the business environment by shortening the permitting process for mining and processing plants. Under the new legislation, the European Commission – together with the to-be-established Critical Raw Materials Board – could name certain projects as strategic, which would mean they would get streamlined permitting and access to financing, including possible state funds.
- Under the Critical Raw Materials Act, strategic mining projects will have to get permits within 27 months and processing and recycling facilities will get them in a maximum of 15 months.
- The legislation will also set the stage for potential strategic stockpiles by first requiring Member States to report existing stocks before deciding on the needed levels of any EU-wide stockpiles.
- The EU will also require sellers of critical minerals in the bloc to display an environmental footprint to allow potential customers to buy sustainable products.
To boost strategic partnerships and free-trade deals, the Commission also aims at financially supporting strategic projects in third countries via the Global Gateway strategy. This is a €300 billion initiative aimed at countering the Chinese Belt and Road initiative, which is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in more than 150 countries and international organisations.
Additionally, large companies based in the EU are expected to audit their existing supply chains and develop strategies to be better prepared for supply disruptions. Furthermore, business activities conducted to safeguard and improve the affordability of critical raw materials should be complemented with efforts to mitigate any adverse impacts, both within the EU and in countries outside the EU, with respect to labour rights, human rights and environmental protection.
What does the Critical Raw Materials Act mean for your business?
In recent years, the availability of critical raw materials for industry in Europe has been threatened by domestic scarcity and rising global demand, as well as geopolitical crises involving resource-rich nations such as Russia. While the need for critical raw materials can create obstacles for businesses, it can also create opportunities and offer a competitive advantage for companies that respond quickly to the challenges around critical raw materials.
- The Critical Raw Materials Act enables companies to diversify their supply of critical raw materials through durable trade agreements, robust market access, and strategic partnerships with resource-rich third countries.
- The Act also strengthens sustainable extraction and processing of raw materials in Europe, and streamlines permits procedures.
- Lastly, the legislative initiative helps evolve a kind of horizontal governance, one in which governments and companies together will be able to identify challenges and solutions.
The Critical Raw Materials Act also helps confront semiconductor shortages in the EU and strengthen Europe’s technological leadership in the global market. The semiconductor production process relies on a wide variety of critical raw materials. Semiconductors, in turn, play an indispensable role in powering the modern digital economy. They are an essential component of electronic devices, computers, smartphones, smart grids, automobiles and jetfighters. Notably, semiconductors play a key role in the energy transition, for instance, in new energy solutions such as solar and wind power.
Large companies based in the EU are expected to regularly carry out a risk assessment of their existing supply chains of strategic raw materials and develop strategies to be better prepared for supply disruptions (i.e. battery manufacturers, hydrogen producers, renewable energy generators, data transmission and storage, or aircraft production).
Furthermore, business activities conducted to safeguard and improve the affordability of critical raw materials should be complemented with efforts to mitigate any adverse impacts, both within the EU and in countries outside the EU, concerning labour rights, human rights and environmental protection.
For companies, it is important to sufficiently anticipate and prepare their businesses to ensure the resilience of their supply chains from a circular economy point of view. The Critical Raw Materials Act gives a strong incentive for companies to review their product portfolio and map the critical raw materials they rely on. Therefore, it is crucial to map where those critical raw materials are coming from, engage with the suppliers and invest in R&D to use recycled materials.
This will enable companies to gain a competitive advantage and understand the resilience of their products and supply chains. Furthermore, it will lead to a smarter method of production of renewable energy and more sustainable products, by upgrading the recyclability of materials desperately needed to enable the EU’s energy transition.
Next steps
The Critical Raw Materials Act, now enforced in the EU, represents a significant step towards securing the supply of critical raw materials essential for the EU’s green and digital transitions. Since the Act is a Regulation, the provisions are directly applicable to all Member States in their entirety. The EU will continue to establish strategic partnerships with third countries that have abundant reserves of critical raw materials. These partnerships will focus on securing supply chains and promoting sustainable and ethical mining practices globally.
Is your business fit for the digital and green transition?
The twin green and digital transition is set to be the key to decarbonising the economy, adopting a circular development model, supplying the mobility transition with green and smart alternatives and relaunching Europe’s industrial leadership.
Business leaders and decision-makers have a key role to play in tackling the climate emergency. By adopting this twin transition, leaders can bring the digital and sustainability agendas together to improve the digital function of their services, drive sustainability goals and future-proof their organisations.
Publyon offers tailor-made solutions to navigate the evolving policy environment at EU level and anticipate the impact of the twin transition on your organisation.
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